{ "anchors": [ { "about": "2-letter state/jurisdiction code (PD-003).", "format": "usps_state", "kind": "geography", "name": "state", "scope": "universal" } ], "capability": "robotics.adoption", "codebooks": { "edition": { "codes": { "asm_2018_2021": { "label": "Annual Survey of Manufactures edition \u2014 annual 2018-2021, sample of larger plants; 2017 NAICS" }, "ec_2022": { "label": "2022 Economic Census edition \u2014 census-scope incl. small plants; 2022 NAICS; released 2025-08" } }, "coverage": "every served observation carries exactly one edition", "note": "The load-bearing scope dimension: the two editions measure DIFFERENT coverage universes and are compared, never chained into one trend (PD-066). A scope spanning both without grouping by edition carries an edition_scope note.", "semantics": "census_robotic_equipment_edition", "source": "The sheet's own `Source:` line in each edition workbook." }, "suppression": { "codes": { "(s)": { "label": "Estimate published; standard error exceeds 40% of the value (flag, not a withholding)" }, "A": { "label": "Not available / not applicable (file footnote)" }, "D": { "label": "Withheld to avoid disclosing data of individual companies" }, "S": { "label": "Withheld because estimate did not meet publication standards" } }, "coverage": "any published cell can carry one", "note": "A lettered cell is a null VALUE carrying its verbatim letter (PD-048 three-state \u2014 never a zero); an (s)-flagged estimate is published but its standard error exceeds 40% of the value (served with the flag, never silently).", "semantics": "census_disclosure_flags", "source": "Each workbook's own footnote rows (the file's codebook), carried per cell as *_code / *_flagged_s on detail records." } }, "data_point": { "does_not_answer": [ "a single spliced 2018-2022 trend (the EC-2022 edition reaches the small-plant universe the ASM sample does not \u2014 12.1% vs 6.4% is a coverage change; cross-edition scopes carry an edition_scope note and editions are compared, never chained) \u2014 PD-066", "robot COUNTS or the number of robots installed (the product measures plant adoption shares and capex, not units; the import unit-count series is robotics.trade)", "robot imports or the border flow (robotics.trade)", "non-manufacturing robot use (the product surveys manufacturing plants only)", "a sum of adoption percents (intensive shares \u2014 averaged/min'd/max'd over a scope, never summed)", "capex totals rebuilt from parts (suppression makes partial sums undershoot; the published United States / all-manufacturing rows are the totals)", "post-2022 adoption (no later edition exists; a new edition is a WATCH item, never extrapolated)", "official-statistics certainty (an EXPERIMENTAL Census product \u2014 its own quality caveat is carried verbatim)" ], "grain": "table_cell_year", "id": "robotics.adoption", "note": "This is the U.S. statistical system's ONLY official robotics-ADOPTION reading \u2014 the Census Industrial Robotic Equipment experimental product: percent of manufacturing plants with robots, percent of employees at plants with robots (both published as FRACTIONS of 1), and robotics capex ($1000), by NAICS industry, state, and plant size. TWO EDITIONS, NEVER SPLICED: ASM 2018-2021 (sample) and the 2022 Economic Census (reaches the small-plant universe the sample does not \u2014 12.1% vs 6.4% is coverage, not decline). Percents are intensive (avg/min/max, never summed); capex sums undershoot below the published totals wherever suppression bites. Adoption is the installed-base reading; the import flow is robotics.trade.", "product_spec": "blocks/robotics_adoption/card.md", "represented_fact": "The U.S. Census Bureau's Industrial Robotic Equipment product \u2014 the FIRST official federal statistics on robotics ADOPTION, an experimental data product (Census's own label, carried verbatim) \u2014 served as-reported from its two edition workbooks: the 2018-2021 Annual Survey of Manufactures edition and the 2022 Economic Census edition. One atom per (edition, table, axis row, data year): the percent of manufacturing plants WITH industrial robots and the percent of manufacturing employees working at plants with robots (published as FRACTIONS of 1, e.g. 0.121 = 12.1% \u2014 served exactly as published), Census's demeaned (industry-mix-adjusted) variants and the without-robots complement, and capital expenditures for industrial robotic equipment in thousands of dollars \u2014 each by manufacturing industry (NAICS 2/3-digit, the edition's OWN vintage: 2017 NAICS in the ASM edition, 2022 NAICS in the EC edition, declared by each file's own header and never recoded, PD-049), by state (a real `state` anchor derived from the published state names), and by plant-size band (verbatim). Standard errors ride as detail fields. Suppression is three-state (PD-048): a `D`/`S`/`A` cell is a null value carrying its verbatim letter (decoded by the file's own footnote codebook), and an `(s)`-flagged estimate (standard error over 40% of the value) is served WITH its flag, never silently. THE ENGRAVED BOUNDARY (PD-066): the two editions are NEVER spliced into one time series \u2014 the 2022 Economic Census reaches the small-plant universe the ASM sample does not (US plants-with-robots reads 12.1% in ASM-2021 vs 6.4% in EC-2022 \u2014 a COVERAGE change, not a collapse), so `edition` is a served dimension and a scope spanning both editions without grouping by edition carries an edition_scope note. Percents are intensive (averaged / min'd / max'd over a scope, never summed); capex sums undershoot below the published totals wherever suppression bites (the published United States / all-manufacturing rows are the totals). Adoption is the INSTALLED-BASE reading; the import flow is robotics.trade.", "source_basis": [ "robotics.census.robotic_equipment" ], "source_decisions": [ "docs/sources/robotics/census_robotic_equipment/build-plan.md" ] }, "input": { "controls": [ "include_records", "include_evidence", "limit", "order_by", "top_n", "order", "rollup_other" ], "date_range_params": [ "report_period_from", "report_period_to" ], "date_ranges": [ "report_period" ], "field_metadata": { "edition": { "answer_label": "product edition", "counting_definition": "A coverage-universe label \u2014 the load-bearing scope dimension; cross-edition scopes carry an edition_scope note.", "definition": "asm_2018_2021 (Annual Survey of Manufactures sample, annual 2018-2021) or ec_2022 (2022 Economic Census \u2014 reaches the small-plant universe the ASM sample does not). The editions are compared, never chained into one trend (PD-066).", "semantics": "census_robotic_equipment_edition", "source_field": "edition" }, "naics_vintage": { "answer_label": "NAICS codebook vintage", "counting_definition": "A codebook label, not a number.", "definition": "Declared by each edition's own axis header (2017 NAICS in the ASM edition, 2022 NAICS in the EC edition) and served as-is \u2014 never recoded across vintages (PD-049).", "semantics": "naics_vintage_pin", "source_field": "naics_vintage" } }, "filters": [ "as_of", "edition", "table", "naics_code", "naics_vintage", "geo_area_name", "state", "plant_size", "data_year", "report_period" ], "group_by": [ "edition", "table", "naics_code", "naics_title", "state", "plant_size", "data_year" ], "ranking": { "no_ranking": "Omit order_by and top_n to return all groups in group-key order.", "order": { "default": "desc", "valid_values": [ "desc", "asc" ] }, "order_by": { "accepts": "one of output.metrics", "note": "Ranks the groups by a metric (a measure). Not a group_by dimension \u2014 rows already come back grouped by each group_by field.", "requires": [ "group_by" ], "valid_values": [ "avg_pct_plants_with_robots", "min_pct_plants_with_robots", "max_pct_plants_with_robots", "avg_pct_employees_exposed", "min_pct_employees_exposed", "max_pct_employees_exposed", "capex_thousand_usd", "source_record_count" ] }, "top_n": { "note": "Keeps the top N groups by order_by; the rest fold into one (other) remainder (additive metrics sum into it, non-additive ones are nulled) so the result still reconciles to summary.totals.", "requires": [ "group_by", "order_by" ], "type": "positive integer" } } }, "output": { "aggregate_citation_fields": [ "source_id", "publisher", "source_url", "source_file", "raw_file_sha256", "as_of", "source_rows_count", "source_rows_sample", "verify", "lineage_filter" ], "citation_fields": [ "source_id", "source_url", "source_file", "sheet", "source_row", "data_year", "raw_file_sha256", "as_of" ], "detail_fields": [ "source_id", "edition", "edition_source", "table", "naics_code", "naics_title", "naics_vintage", "geo_area_name", "state", "plant_size", "source_record_key", "pct_plants_with_robots", "pct_plants_with_robots_code", "pct_plants_with_robots_flagged_s", "pct_employees_exposed", "pct_employees_exposed_code", "pct_employees_exposed_flagged_s", "pct_plants_without_robots", "pct_plants_without_robots_code", "pct_plants_without_robots_flagged_s", "demeaned_pct_plants_with_robots", "demeaned_pct_plants_with_robots_code", "demeaned_pct_plants_with_robots_flagged_s", "demeaned_pct_employees_exposed", "demeaned_pct_employees_exposed_code", "demeaned_pct_employees_exposed_flagged_s", "capex_thousand_usd", "capex_thousand_usd_code", "capex_thousand_usd_flagged_s", "se_pct_plants", "se_pct_plants_code", "se_pct_plants_flagged_s", "se_pct_employees", "se_pct_employees_code", "se_pct_employees_flagged_s", "rse_capex_pct", "rse_capex_pct_code", "rse_capex_pct_flagged_s", "data_year", "report_period", "source_row_number", "as_of", "raw_file_sha256", "citation" ], "metric_groups": { "capex": [ "capex_thousand_usd" ], "pct_employees_exposed": [ "avg_pct_employees_exposed", "min_pct_employees_exposed", "max_pct_employees_exposed" ], "pct_plants_with_robots": [ "avg_pct_plants_with_robots", "min_pct_plants_with_robots", "max_pct_plants_with_robots" ], "records": [ "source_record_count" ] }, "metric_metadata": { "avg_pct_employees_exposed": { "additive_across_groups": false, "aggregation": "avg", "authoritative_total_path": "summary.totals.avg_pct_employees_exposed", "category": "pct_employees_exposed", "definition": "The share of manufacturing employees working at plants with industrial robots (a fraction of 1), exactly as published, aggregated over the scope.", "description": "INTENSIVE adoption shares, published as FRACTIONS of 1 (0.121 = 12.1%): averaged / min'd / max'd over the scope, NEVER summed. An unscoped avg blends industries, states, plant sizes, years, AND editions \u2014 scope or group before reading. The two editions never splice: the 2022 Economic Census reaches the small-plant universe the ASM 2018-2021 sample does not (US plants-with-robots 12.1% ASM-2021 vs 6.4% EC-2022 \u2014 coverage, not decline; edition_scope note).", "display_name": "Percent of employees exposed to robots (avg)", "display_precision": "Fractions of 1 as Census publishes them (0.121 = 12.1%), rounded to 6 decimal places in JSON.", "grain": "edition table axis-row year", "null_handling": "A suppressed cell (D/S/A \u2014 the file's own codebook) is null and excluded from avg/min/max, never zero; an (s)-flagged estimate (standard error > 40%) is included and flagged on the detail record; an empty scope returns null.", "rollup_behavior": "non_additive_measure", "row_metric_path": "rows[].metrics.avg_pct_employees_exposed", "source_fields": [ "pct_employees_exposed" ], "unit": "percent" }, "avg_pct_plants_with_robots": { "additive_across_groups": false, "aggregation": "avg", "authoritative_total_path": "summary.totals.avg_pct_plants_with_robots", "category": "pct_plants_with_robots", "definition": "The share of manufacturing plants with industrial robots (a fraction of 1), exactly as the Census Industrial Robotic Equipment product publishes it, aggregated over the scope.", "description": "INTENSIVE adoption shares, published as FRACTIONS of 1 (0.121 = 12.1%): averaged / min'd / max'd over the scope, NEVER summed. An unscoped avg blends industries, states, plant sizes, years, AND editions \u2014 scope or group before reading. The two editions never splice: the 2022 Economic Census reaches the small-plant universe the ASM 2018-2021 sample does not (US plants-with-robots 12.1% ASM-2021 vs 6.4% EC-2022 \u2014 coverage, not decline; edition_scope note).", "display_name": "Percent of plants with robots (avg)", "display_precision": "Fractions of 1 as Census publishes them (0.121 = 12.1%), rounded to 6 decimal places in JSON.", "grain": "edition table axis-row year", "null_handling": "A suppressed cell (D/S/A \u2014 the file's own codebook) is null and excluded from avg/min/max, never zero; an (s)-flagged estimate (standard error > 40%) is included and flagged on the detail record; an empty scope returns null.", "rollup_behavior": "non_additive_measure", "row_metric_path": "rows[].metrics.avg_pct_plants_with_robots", "source_fields": [ "pct_plants_with_robots" ], "unit": "percent" }, "capex_thousand_usd": { "additive_across_groups": false, "aggregation": "sum", "authoritative_total_path": "summary.totals.capex_thousand_usd", "category": "capex", "definition": "Capital expenditures for industrial robotic equipment, in thousands of dollars, exactly as published, summed over the scope.", "description": "NONADDITIVE below the published totals: disclosure suppression (D) nulls cells, so partial sums UNDERSHOOT \u2014 the published 'United States' / '31-33 Manufacturing' rows are the totals. Cross-edition sums also blend coverage universes (edition_scope note).", "display_name": "Robotics capital expenditures", "display_precision": "Thousands of dollars as published, rounded to 6 decimal places in JSON.", "grain": "edition table axis-row year", "null_handling": "A suppressed cell is null (excluded from the sum), never zero \u2014 which is exactly why partial sums undershoot.", "rollup_behavior": "non_additive_measure", "row_metric_path": "rows[].metrics.capex_thousand_usd", "source_fields": [ "capex_thousand_usd" ], "unit": "thousand USD" }, "max_pct_employees_exposed": { "additive_across_groups": false, "aggregation": "max", "authoritative_total_path": "summary.totals.max_pct_employees_exposed", "category": "pct_employees_exposed", "definition": "The share of manufacturing employees working at plants with industrial robots (a fraction of 1), exactly as published, aggregated over the scope.", "description": "INTENSIVE adoption shares, published as FRACTIONS of 1 (0.121 = 12.1%): averaged / min'd / max'd over the scope, NEVER summed. An unscoped avg blends industries, states, plant sizes, years, AND editions \u2014 scope or group before reading. The two editions never splice: the 2022 Economic Census reaches the small-plant universe the ASM 2018-2021 sample does not (US plants-with-robots 12.1% ASM-2021 vs 6.4% EC-2022 \u2014 coverage, not decline; edition_scope note).", "display_name": "Percent of employees exposed to robots (max)", "display_precision": "Fractions of 1 as Census publishes them (0.121 = 12.1%), rounded to 6 decimal places in JSON.", "grain": "edition table axis-row year", "null_handling": "A suppressed cell (D/S/A \u2014 the file's own codebook) is null and excluded from avg/min/max, never zero; an (s)-flagged estimate (standard error > 40%) is included and flagged on the detail record; an empty scope returns null.", "rollup_behavior": "non_additive_measure", "row_metric_path": "rows[].metrics.max_pct_employees_exposed", "source_fields": [ "pct_employees_exposed" ], "unit": "percent" }, "max_pct_plants_with_robots": { "additive_across_groups": false, "aggregation": "max", "authoritative_total_path": "summary.totals.max_pct_plants_with_robots", "category": "pct_plants_with_robots", "definition": "The share of manufacturing plants with industrial robots (a fraction of 1), exactly as the Census Industrial Robotic Equipment product publishes it, aggregated over the scope.", "description": "INTENSIVE adoption shares, published as FRACTIONS of 1 (0.121 = 12.1%): averaged / min'd / max'd over the scope, NEVER summed. An unscoped avg blends industries, states, plant sizes, years, AND editions \u2014 scope or group before reading. The two editions never splice: the 2022 Economic Census reaches the small-plant universe the ASM 2018-2021 sample does not (US plants-with-robots 12.1% ASM-2021 vs 6.4% EC-2022 \u2014 coverage, not decline; edition_scope note).", "display_name": "Percent of plants with robots (max)", "display_precision": "Fractions of 1 as Census publishes them (0.121 = 12.1%), rounded to 6 decimal places in JSON.", "grain": "edition table axis-row year", "null_handling": "A suppressed cell (D/S/A \u2014 the file's own codebook) is null and excluded from avg/min/max, never zero; an (s)-flagged estimate (standard error > 40%) is included and flagged on the detail record; an empty scope returns null.", "rollup_behavior": "non_additive_measure", "row_metric_path": "rows[].metrics.max_pct_plants_with_robots", "source_fields": [ "pct_plants_with_robots" ], "unit": "percent" }, "min_pct_employees_exposed": { "additive_across_groups": false, "aggregation": "min", "authoritative_total_path": "summary.totals.min_pct_employees_exposed", "category": "pct_employees_exposed", "definition": "The share of manufacturing employees working at plants with industrial robots (a fraction of 1), exactly as published, aggregated over the scope.", "description": "INTENSIVE adoption shares, published as FRACTIONS of 1 (0.121 = 12.1%): averaged / min'd / max'd over the scope, NEVER summed. An unscoped avg blends industries, states, plant sizes, years, AND editions \u2014 scope or group before reading. The two editions never splice: the 2022 Economic Census reaches the small-plant universe the ASM 2018-2021 sample does not (US plants-with-robots 12.1% ASM-2021 vs 6.4% EC-2022 \u2014 coverage, not decline; edition_scope note).", "display_name": "Percent of employees exposed to robots (min)", "display_precision": "Fractions of 1 as Census publishes them (0.121 = 12.1%), rounded to 6 decimal places in JSON.", "grain": "edition table axis-row year", "null_handling": "A suppressed cell (D/S/A \u2014 the file's own codebook) is null and excluded from avg/min/max, never zero; an (s)-flagged estimate (standard error > 40%) is included and flagged on the detail record; an empty scope returns null.", "rollup_behavior": "non_additive_measure", "row_metric_path": "rows[].metrics.min_pct_employees_exposed", "source_fields": [ "pct_employees_exposed" ], "unit": "percent" }, "min_pct_plants_with_robots": { "additive_across_groups": false, "aggregation": "min", "authoritative_total_path": "summary.totals.min_pct_plants_with_robots", "category": "pct_plants_with_robots", "definition": "The share of manufacturing plants with industrial robots (a fraction of 1), exactly as the Census Industrial Robotic Equipment product publishes it, aggregated over the scope.", "description": "INTENSIVE adoption shares, published as FRACTIONS of 1 (0.121 = 12.1%): averaged / min'd / max'd over the scope, NEVER summed. An unscoped avg blends industries, states, plant sizes, years, AND editions \u2014 scope or group before reading. The two editions never splice: the 2022 Economic Census reaches the small-plant universe the ASM 2018-2021 sample does not (US plants-with-robots 12.1% ASM-2021 vs 6.4% EC-2022 \u2014 coverage, not decline; edition_scope note).", "display_name": "Percent of plants with robots (min)", "display_precision": "Fractions of 1 as Census publishes them (0.121 = 12.1%), rounded to 6 decimal places in JSON.", "grain": "edition table axis-row year", "null_handling": "A suppressed cell (D/S/A \u2014 the file's own codebook) is null and excluded from avg/min/max, never zero; an (s)-flagged estimate (standard error > 40%) is included and flagged on the detail record; an empty scope returns null.", "rollup_behavior": "non_additive_measure", "row_metric_path": "rows[].metrics.min_pct_plants_with_robots", "source_fields": [ "pct_plants_with_robots" ], "unit": "percent" }, "source_record_count": { "additive_across_groups": true, "aggregation": "count source records", "authoritative_total_path": "summary.totals.source_record_count", "category": "records", "definition": "Count of normalized observations (edition \u00d7 table \u00d7 axis row \u00d7 year) contributing to the current result scope.", "description": "Number of normalized Census observations contributing to the value.", "display_name": "Source record count", "display_precision": "Integer.", "grain": "source row", "null_handling": "Always an integer count.", "rollup_behavior": "additive_partition_metric", "row_metric_path": "rows[].metrics.source_record_count", "source_fields": [ "source_record_key" ], "unit": "count" } }, "metrics": [ "avg_pct_plants_with_robots", "min_pct_plants_with_robots", "max_pct_plants_with_robots", "avg_pct_employees_exposed", "min_pct_employees_exposed", "max_pct_employees_exposed", "capex_thousand_usd", "source_record_count" ], "summary_fields": [ "group_count", "totals" ] }, "primitive": "query_robotics_adoption_v1", "status": "available" }